selection of a houshold
1 = random sample
2 = other

governorate/district
1 = aragatsotn
2 = ararat
3 = armavir
4 = gegharkunik
5 = kotayk
6 = lori
7 = shirak
8 = syunik
9 = vayots dzor
10 = tavush
11 = yerevan

1 = capital
2 = urban
3 = rural

date of interview_day
-7 = no answer

-7 = no answer
1 = male
2 = female

date of birth_day
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer

highest education before first migration
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = primary and less
2 = lower secondary
3 = upper secondary general
4 = upper secondary vocational
5 = post-secondary vocational
6 = higher education (incl. bachelor and master degrees)
7 = post-graduate (phd)

field of study1_before first migration
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = education science and teacher training
2 = humanities and arts
3 = social and behavioural sciences, journalism and information,
4 = science (life sciences, physics, maths and statistics, compu
5 = engineering, manufacturing, construction and architecture
6 = agriculture, forestry, fishing and veterinary
7 = health, welfare and social work
8 = services (personal services, transport, tourism, environment

why the field of study was chosen_field1 before first migration
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = personal interest
2 = encouraged by others
3 = to have good job prospects
4 = to be able to go abroad
5 = because of the grades i obtained
6 = there was no other choice
7 = i could not afford anything else

years of schooling before first migration
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer

highest education _current
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = same as the one before moving abroad for the first time
1 = primary school
2 = lower secondary
3 = upper secondary general
4 = upper secondary vocational
5 = post-secondary vocational
6 = higher education (incl. bachelor and master degrees)
7 = post-graduate (phd)

field of additional study_1
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = education science and teacher training
2 = humanities and arts
3 = social and behavioural sciences, journalism and information,
4 = science (life sciences, physics, maths and statistics, compu
5 = engineering, manufacturing, construction and architecture
6 = agriculture, forestry, fishing and veterinary
7 = health, welfare and social work
8 = services (personal services, transport, tourism, environment

intention for further education or training
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no

does education improve living standards?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = strongly agree
2 = agree
3 = disagree
4 = strongly disagree

higher level of education, better job abroad?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = strongly agree
2 = agree
3 = disagree
4 = strongly disagree

language spoken at home
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = english
2 = french
3 = russian
4 = italian
5 = greek
6 = arabic
7 = spanish
8 = german
9 = berber
10 = georgian
11 = armenian
12 = azeri
13 = turkish

other languages_eng
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = do not speak at all
2 = basic knowledge
3 = good knowledge
4 = excellent knowledge

marital status
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = never married
2 = married / living together
3 = divorced / separated
4 = widowed

number of children_0-6 years
-9 = not applicable
-7 = no answer
0 = 0

migration1_entry_month
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer

reason for leaving_1
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = had no job/could not find job in armenia
2 = unsatisfactory wage/career prospects in armenia
3 = harsh and difficult working conditions in armenia
4 = insufficient social security system (particularly health car
5 = to repay debts
6 = to improve standard of living
7 = to get married/just married
8 = to accompany/follow spouse and/or parents abroad
9 = to join relatives/ friends/ fellowmen abroad
10 = to escape family problems (conflict with parent/divorce)
11 = to get education or training
12 = to finance children's education or training
13 = fear of war/civil conflict/persecution
14 = adventure in life
15 = did not like living in armenia
16 = to receive necessary health care
17 = wanted to go abroad/ like living abroad
18 = no future here in armenia
19 = to get a higher paid job abroad

reason for leaving_2
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = had no job/could not find job in armenia
2 = unsatisfactory wage/career prospects in armenia
3 = harsh and difficult working conditions in armenia
4 = insufficient social security system (particularly health car
5 = to repay debts
6 = to improve standard of living
7 = to get married/just married
8 = to accompany/follow spouse and/or parents abroad
9 = to join relatives/ friends/ fellowmen abroad
10 = to escape family problems (conflict with parent/divorce)
11 = to get education or training
12 = to finance children's education or training
13 = fear of war/civil conflict/persecution
14 = adventure in life
15 = did not like living in armenia
16 = to receive necessary health care
17 = wanted to go abroad/ like living abroad
18 = no future here in armenia
19 = to get a higher paid job abroad

the decision to move abroad was made by?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = entirely by me
2 = entirely by others
3 = by both (me and others)

who else influenced the decision to move_family/relatives at home
-9 = not applicable
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no

pre-departure training_did not attend
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no

motivation behind training
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = to acquire entirely new skills/ knowledge to increase my job
2 = to refresh/update my already existing skills/knowledge
3 = to acquire very specific skills/ occupational standards for
4 = to learn skills that are not directly related to work, but e

training useful?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes, it was useful
2 = no, it was not useful

training necesary?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes, it was necessary
2 = no, it was not necessary

received certificate from pre-departure training?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not answer
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no

why not participated in support programmes
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = not for the kind of work i was looking for
2 = i did not qualify, because of my qualification, age, gender
3 = no services for the country i wanted to go to
4 = too expensive
5 = procedure too complicated
6 = the selection of applicants was not fair
7 = there was corruption involved

most important support for moving and working abroad
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = support for finding a job/ work abroad
2 = support for finding accommodation abroad
3 = help with formalities/regulations in home country
4 = help with formalities/regulations in destination country
5 = support for the journey to destination country
6 = cultural orientation courses
7 = language courses
8 = work-related training courses
9 = skills recognition/ skills assessment and validation service

reasons for moving to fdc_1
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = more jobs and/or income opportunities
2 = to save money
3 = social security system
4 = to get married/just married
5 = to accompany/follow spouse or parent
6 = had other friends/relatives there
7 = people are friendly to foreigners there
8 = educational opportunities
9 = knowledge of language of that country
10 = health facilities
11 = no visa requirement
12 = not difficult to enter illegally
13 = had lived there before
14 = had been there on short visit
15 = at a short distance from the home country
16 = able to get a visa easily
17 = authorities not so strict there
18 = high standard of living/income in that country

reasons for moving to fdc_2
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = more jobs and/or income opportunities
2 = to save money
3 = social security system
4 = to get married/just married
5 = to accompany/follow spouse or parent
6 = had other friends/relatives there
7 = people are friendly to foreigners there
8 = educational opportunities
9 = knowledge of language of that country
10 = health facilities
11 = no visa requirement
12 = not difficult to enter illegally
13 = had lived there before
14 = had been there on short visit
15 = at a short distance from the home country
16 = able to get a visa easily
17 = authorities not so strict there
18 = high standard of living/income in that country

went abroad with spouse or not?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = spouse stayed here
2 = went together with spouse/ spouse joined me later

why did spouse stay here?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = financially difficult going together
2 = family farm/business needed to be maintained
3 = taking care of children (and/or other dependents)
4 = spouse not permitted to go
5 = we were not married at the time

why did spouse go?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = financially more advantageous
2 = needed help abroad
3 = better to be together
4 = spouse could attend education/training
5 = spouse could work abroad

study or train abroad?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = yes
2 = no

type of study or training abroad_language training
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no

most important way of finding work
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = use of family/relatives links at home
2 = help from friends / acquaintances at home
3 = help from family/relatives already abroad
4 = help from friends / acquaintances already abroad
5 = use of my professional networks
6 = employment / placement agencies at home
7 = employment / placement agencies abroad
8 = use of official government programmes/ schemes
9 = internet and other media tools

first workplace type abroad
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = agriculture
2 = mining
3 = manufacturing
4 = construction
5 = commerce
6 = petty trade
7 = hotel or restaurant
8 = domestic service
9 = public utilities (water, electricity, gas, etc.)
10 = public administration
11 = transport
12 = repairs
13 = information and communication technologies (ict)

first work type abroad
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = employer
2 = self-employed (no employees)
3 = salaried worker
4 = casual worker (on and off work)
5 = family helper (paid)
6 = family helper (unpaid)
7 = unpaid worker (working outside family/ household, e.g. volun

first work level abroad
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = professional
2 = high management
3 = middle management
4 = skilled worker
5 = unskilled worker

longest workplace type abroad
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = agriculture
2 = mining
3 = manufacturing
4 = construction
5 = commerce
6 = petty trade
7 = hotel or restaurant
8 = domestic service
9 = public utilities (water, electricity, gas, etc.)
10 = public administration
11 = transport
12 = repairs
13 = information and communication technologies (ict)

longest work level abroad
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = professional
2 = high management
3 = middle management
4 = skilled worker
5 = unskilled worker

correspondence of work with educational level
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes, fully
2 = i worked below my educational level
3 = my work normally required more than the educational level i
4 = my work required the educational level that i had, but in a

correspondence of work with skills and abilities
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = much higher
2 = a bit higher
3 = about the same
4 = a bit lower
5 = much lower than needed

educational qualification officialy recognised in the destionation country?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no, it was difficult to access
3 = no, it was not possible
4 = no, i did not know about such a possibility
5 = not relevant for the type of jobs i did

time spent without work abroad months
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = 0

hours worked per week abroad
-9 = not applicable
-8 = don't know
-7 = no answer

money earned per month (after tax) abroad_national currency
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer

skills and experiences acquired abroad?_none
-9 = not applicable
-7 = No answer
1 = yes
2 = no

to whom money was sent to_parents
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = yes
2 = no

status in the main destination country
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = citizen of the destination country
2 = permanent/long-term residence permit
3 = limited / short-term residence permit (e.g. seasonal work)
4 = student/university researcher
5 = asylum seeker
6 = recognised asylum/ recognised refugee
7 = entry with tourist visa
8 = no legal status

reasons for return_1
-8 = don't know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = I was fired (laid off) by the employer
2 = My work contract ended
3 = I could not find a job
4 = My work permit expired
5 = My residency permit expired
6 = Did not like the job/work
7 = Low income
8 = Retirement
9 = Saved enough money
10 = To start a business after return
11 = Inherited property/land
12 = Needed in the family farm/business here
13 = Parents/spouse wanted me to return
14 = To get married here
15 = Problems with raising children there
16 = To accompany spouse/parents
17 = To join the family
18 = Other family reasons
19 = Did not like the way of life there
20 = Bad health
21 = Expulsion (sent away) by the authorities
22 = Fear of war/civil conflict/persecution
23 = Homesick
24 = I belong here
25 = Completed education
26 = I had no future there
27 = To spend the rest of my life in my home country

biggest problem encountered
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = i have not encountered any problems
2 = i could not/cannot find work here
3 = my spouse could not/cannot find work here
4 = i could not/cannot find proper accommodation
5 = no appropriate educational services for myself/family
6 = no appropriate health services for myself/family
7 = i could not/cannot re-integrate myself/i did not/do not know
8 = i lack(ed) information on legal rights & obligations (taxes,

support used_specify
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = finding a job (wage employment)
2 = training of any type
3 = business start-ups
4 = financial bonus/grants
5 = access to credits/loans
6 = diploma/skills recognition or validation
7 = finding accomodation
8 = support to family members

why not benefited
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = not for the kind of work i was looking for
2 = i did not qualify, because of my qualification, age, etc.
3 = no services for the country i have returned from
4 = too expensive
5 = procedure too complicated
6 = the selection of applicants was not fair
7 = there was corruption involved

workplace type since return
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = agriculture
2 = mining
3 = manufacturing
4 = construction
5 = commerce
6 = petty trade
7 = hotel or restaurant
8 = domestic service
9 = public utilities (water, electricity, gas, etc.)
10 = public administration
11 = transport
12 = repairs
13 = information and communication technologies (ict)

work type since return
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = employer
2 = self-employed (no employees)
3 = salaried worker
4 = casual worker (on and off work)
5 = family helper (paid)
6 = family helper (unpaid)
7 = unpaid worker (working outside family/ household, e.g. volun

work level since return
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = professional
2 = high management
3 = middle management
4 = skilled worker
5 = unskilled worker

how work was found on return
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = job advertisements
2 = offered a job by a friend or a relative
3 = asked/sent a cv to a number of employers
4 = set up my own business
5 = returned to the job i held before leaving
6 = internet & other media tools
7 = employment/ job placement services

most helpful experiences abroad
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = language skills
2 = vocational/technical skills
3 = social skills
4 = academic skills
5 = ict skills
6 = skills related to workplace organization, culture and work e
7 = entrepreneurial skills

why no pension or social benefits from work abroad?
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = did not contribute to any scheme
2 = contributed, but not for a long enough period
3 = a scheme could not be transferred
4 = there were no such benefits/schemes

better/worse off than before leaving?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = much better off than before i left
2 = better off than before i left
3 = about the same as before i left
4 = worse off than before i left
5 = much worse off than before i left

reasons for not working
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = cannot find work
2 = holiday
3 = sickness
4 = strike
5 = studying / in training
6 = on pension / disability benefits
7 = household work/housewife
8 = do not need/want to work

workplace type
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = agriculture
2 = mining
3 = manufacturing
4 = construction
5 = commerce
6 = petty trade
7 = hotel or restaurant
8 = domestic service
9 = public utilities (water, electricity, gas, etc.)
10 = public administration
11 = transport
12 = repairs
13 = information and communication technologies (ict)

work level
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = professional
2 = high management
3 = middle management
4 = skilled worker
5 = unskilled worker

work location
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = armenia
2 = other country

correspondence of work with educational level
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = yes, fully
2 = i am working (worked) below my educational level
3 = my work normally requires (required) more than the education
4 = my work requires (required) the educational level that i hav

correspondence of work with skills and abilities
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = much higher
2 = a bit higher
3 = about the same
4 = a bit lower
5 = much lower than needed

money earned per month_national currency
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = 0

general career prospects in home country
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = very good
2 = good
3 = poor
4 = very poor

reasons not to move abroad_1
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = this is my country/i belong here
2 = my family/relatives are here
3 = people are not friendly abroad
4 = discrimination in other countries
5 = i would feel lonely abroad
6 = homesickness
7 = low incomes abroad
8 = poor work conditions abroad
9 = impossible or very difficult to find work abroad
10 = lack of financial resources
11 = legal barriers (difficult to get visa, work permit etc.)

likelihood of moving abroad within 6 months
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = very likely
2 = quite likely
3 = quite unlikely
4 = very unlikely

reasons for leaving_1
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = have no job/cannot find job in armenia
2 = unsatisfactory wage/career prospects in armenia
3 = harsh and difficult working conditions in armenia
4 = insufficient social security system (particularly health car
5 = to repay debts
6 = to improve standard of living
7 = to get married/just married
8 = to accompany/follow spouse and/or parents abroad
9 = to join relatives/ friends/ fellowmen abroad
10 = to escape family problems (conflict with parent/divorce)
11 = to get education or training
12 = to finance children's education or training
13 = fear of war/civil conflict/persecution
14 = adventure in life
15 = do not like living in armenia
16 = to receive necessary health care
17 = want to go abroad/ like living abroad
18 = no future here in armenia
19 = to go back to my job abroad
20 = to get a higher paid job abroad

who would make the decision to move abroad
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = entirely by me
2 = entirely by others
3 = by both (me and others)

reasons for moving to mld_1
-9 = not applicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = other
1 = more jobs and/or income opportunities
2 = to save money
3 = social security system
4 = to get married/just married
5 = to accompany/follow spouse or parent
6 = have other friends/relatives there
7 = people are friendly to foreigners there
8 = educational opportunities
9 = knowledge of language of that country
10 = health facilities
11 = no visa requirement
12 = not difficult to enter illegally
13 = had lived there before
14 = had been there on short visit
15 = at a short distance from the home country
16 = able to get a visa easily
17 = authorities not so strict there
18 = high standard of living/income in that country

necessary financial resources to move abroad?
-9 = not aplicable
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = yes
2 = no

are all household members in home country?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = all in armenia
2 = some outside

type of housing
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = other
1 = house
2 = apartment

housing ownership
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
0 = live in free of charge
1 = own
2 = rent

health insurance?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = yes, paid by the state
2 = yes, paid by myself (private insurance)
3 = no, i cannot afford it
4 = no, other reasons

colour tv
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
-6 = refuse to answer
1 = yes
2 = no-cannot afford
3 = no-other reason

frequency of remittances over last year
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = once a month or more
2 = less than once a month, but more than once over the whole ye
3 = only once
4 = not at all in the last 12 months

amount of remittances over last year_euro
-9 = Not applicable
-8 = Do not know
-7 = no answer
0 = 0

is financial situation sufficient to cover basic needs?
-8 = do not know
-7 = no answer
1 = more than sufficient
2 = sufficient
3 = sometimes sufficient, sometimes not
4 = insufficient
5 = not at all sufficient

how does household compare to other households?
-8 = do not answer
-7 = no answer
1 = much better off
2 = better off
3 = the same
4 = worse off
5 = much worse off